Management of Anticoagulation/Antiplatelet Medication and Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Elective Spine Surgery: Concise Clinical Recommendations Based on a Modified Delphi Process

i) Study Design: Modified Delphi study
ii) Consensus (>70% agreement) was achieved for 26/27 items
iii) Consensus on stopping preoperative anticoagulants achieved (Direct Oral Anticoagulants = two days before surgery, warfarin = five days before, all AC/AP medication and aspirin = seven days before).
iv) Restarting AC/AP medication postoperatively for low-risk/medium-risk/high-risk patients in 5/5 risk factors (VTE history/cardiac/ambulation status/anterior approach/operation).
v) Consensus not reached for same-day staged surgery.

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