Accuracy of pedicle screw placement by fluoroscopy, a three-dimensional printed model, local electrical conductivity measurement device, and intra-operative computed tomography navigation in scoliosis patients.

i) Study design: Single-center retrospective cohort
ii) Procedures with pedicle screw placement via intraoperative CT navigation had significantly longer operative times compared to placement via fluoroscopy, 3D printed models, or local electrical conductivity measurement devices.
iii) There were no significant differences in clinical results between groups

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