Blood-loss Management in Spine Surgery

i) Study design: Review article
ii) Proper preoperative planning and communication with the patient, anesthesia team, and operating room staff can lessen perioperative blood loss.
iii) Advances in intraoperative antifibrinolytic agents, modified anesthesia techniques, surgeon attention to intaoperative hemostasis, and concurrent use of local hemostatic agents can lessen intraoperative bleeding.