Preoperative medical assessment for adult spinal deformity surgery: a state-of-the-art review

i) Pre-operative identification of potential risk factors is imperative for making informed decisions for both pateints and surgeons.
ii) Risk factors of particular note: frailty received the highest grade of evidence. Bone quality, smoking, hyperglycemia and diabetes, nutritional status, immunosuppression/steroid use, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and renal disease received fair evidence.

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