Safe and effective performance of pediatric spinal deformity surgery in patients unwilling to accept blood transfusion: a clinical study and review of literature

i) Study design: Single-center retrospective cohort
ii) The use of iron supplementation, hypotensive anesthesia, intraoperative cell salvage, tranexamic acid, and ultrasonic bone cutting tools help safely perform surgical correction of spinal deformities with minimal complications in adolescent patients refusing blood transfusions.
iii) Blood conservation protocols are not only applicable to those who refuse transfusions, but also to all patients to minimize blood loss and the need for blood transfusions.

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